# Sample quantiles in statistical packages

Rob J Hyndman and Yanan Fan
(1996) American Statistician 50 361-365

JSTOR

There are a large number of different definitions used for sample quantiles in statistical computer packages. Often within the same package one definition will be used to compute a quantile explicitly while other definitions may be used when producing a boxplot, a probability plot or a QQ-plot. We compare the most commonly implemented sample quantile definitions by writing them in a common notation and investigating their motivation and some of their properties. We argue that there is a need to adopt a standard definition for sample quantiles so that the same answers are produced by different packages and within each package. We conclude by recommending that the median-unbiased estimator is used since it has most of the desirable properties of a quantile estimator and can be defined independently of the underlying distribution.

Keywords: sample quantiles, percentiles, quartiles, statistical computer packages.

R code: The quantile() function in R from version 2.0.0 onwards implements all the methods in this paper.

Errata:

• Table 1, p361. P2 should have lower bound equal to $\lfloor np\rfloor$.
• p363, left column. P2 is satisfied if and only if $\alpha\ge0$ and $\beta\le1$.

Thanks to Eric Langford and Alan Dorfman for pointing out the errors. 8 May 2007.

For further discussion, see Sample quantiles 20 years later on Hyndsight.